Factors Affecting the Production of Rice in Malaysia

FACTORS AFFECTING THE PRODUCTION OF RICE IN MALAYSIA We would like to point out the factors affecting the production of rice in our country. Climate and the nature of soil, insect-pest and weed management, land areas, infrastructure, technologies and mechanization, dependency on other rice producers, investment and collaboration with international organization are the major factors that affect the rice productivity in Malaysia.In temperate and tropical climate areas, rice is grown mostly under irrigated lowland ecosystem, once a year during the warm months that are when the temperature regimes are suitable for growth and development of rice plants. However, with available irrigation water, rice can be grown more than one crop per year in tropical climate areas such as Malaysia. Other than that, rain fed lowland ecosystems also found in tropical areas which water supply to rice crops comes principally from rainfall.The low grain yields of the rice is attributed to the poor management by the farmers during the cultivation period, where fields are left unattended after sowing without any monitoring on plant nutrients and other critical aspects, such as weeds, diseases, and insect-pest attacks. Therefore, with good management practices, the application of adequate plant nutrient and water, together with weeds, diseases, and insect-pests management, the grain yields of upland rice varieties are expected to increase. All these aspects are therefore important in obtaining higher yields.However, MARDI will use fewer pesticides and go into organic farming with bio-fertilizer. It very important to reduce the importation of pesticides and chemicals, considering their cost and affect on our environment. The rice production areas in Malaysia are decreasing (in the year 1970-1980) because good rice areas, near development centers are being converted for other uses(refer to figure 8). As the results, the grain yields of rice are expected to decrease. Since the 1980s, Malaysia ’s land area for rice remained fairly constant at no more than 0. million hectares. Even though the land area for rice has remained rather constant, Malaysia’s rice productivity increases every year from 2. 1 ton/ha in 1961 to 3. 6 ton/ha in 2008 (refer to figure 5). Thus, Malaysia’s total rice production would also increase each year. Since 1985, Malaysia sees an average increase in total rice production of about 28,000 tons per year. The varieties of rice which produce high grain yields and quality (fragrance, colour) were collected from selected locations in the Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, and Sarawak.The government is constantly opening more fields and in Kota Belud, Sabah, a large field was recently opened. (said Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Chua Tee Yong). New padi farming areas in Sarawak which were at Bijat/Stumbin, Lingga/Banting, Daro, Nanga Merit, Pulau Baruit, Paloh, Sungai Seblak and Limbang, involving 43,821 hectares. (htt p://www. mysinchew. com/node/29442) The effort to develop and modernize rice sub-sector has been directed to several major rice growing areas of the country.The schemes to drain and irrigate two of these areas, Muda in Kedah and Kemubu in Kelantan have been financed by the World Bank. The purpose of drainage and irrigation in rice areas is to enable double-cropping which in turn requires high yielding varieties (HYV), chemical inputs such as fertilizer and pesticides and farm machineries to cope up with the new and tight schedule of rice farming. The provision of irrigation facilities has expanded double-cropping areas, improved the quality of rice land which was formerly either rain-fed or had not been properly irrigated and opened new areas for cultivation.Under the 10MP (10th Malaysia Plan), the government is spending about RM1 billion this year itself on agriculture, and a lot of that would be going to the construction of irrigation systems including dams to upgrade infrastructu res. (said Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Agro-Based Industry Chua Tee Yong) Faced with higher wages and sharply reduced labor supply, farmers have mechanized land preparation, seeding, and harvesting to reduce production costs, labor inputs, and production time.Besides that, the technologies have make the life span of the paddy plant from seed to harvest has been lowered through research to 110 days from the traditional 150 days. Hence, double cropping is practiced. The crop cycle starts immediately after a crop harvest where the farmer cuts the stubble and burns it together with the straw strewn on the ground. This is the preferred crop management practice in order to reduce pest and to return the nutrients to the ground. Ploughing is carried out generally by a four-wheeled tractor with an attached rotovator and up to three rounds of ploughing are carried out.This is done to loosen the soil also to attain a level field which is a preferred way to improve crop establishment and increase both grain quality and yields. Crop establishment is accomplished normally through direct sowing of pre-germinated seeds on the fields or using transplanting. Harvesting is done mostly by machines using large combined harvesters imported from Europe and modified for use in paddy harvesting. We do not have as much as land as Indonesia so we have to go into high tech farming and adopt new technologies. So, we need to transfer new, innovative technologies to the end user and targeted groups.This is where the role of MARDI comes in, in terms of transferring technology to the farmers as well as the extension workers. The role of MARDI is to acquire, adapt and adopt technology as well. However, Malaysia was among the developing nations caught in the chaotic situation given its dependency on rice imports, especially from Thailand and Vietnam over the years. The difficulty in securing consistent supplies on the back as soaring international rice price had prompted the government t o seriously reassess and tighten its food security of food, especially in boosting rice production in Malaysia.Under the Ninth Malaysia Plan, a target has been set to raise Malaysia’s rice self-sufficiency level to 90% by 2010 from about 70% currently. In addition, without private sector involvement in the rice-growing industry, it would be difficult for the sector to grow or even maintain its 65 per cent output by 2010. Realizing this, the Agriculture and Agro-based Industries Ministry is drawing up incentives schemes to attract private sector investments. The private sector does not find the rice industry profitable as the cost is high and the returns slow, but the government is working towards this. said by Parliamentary Secretary Datuk Rohani Abdul Karim). The government was focusing on automation, precision farming and implementing various mechanisms to develop and modernize the rice industry, so private sector involvement was crucial. The investment also goes into train ing facilities and advisory activities, especially in developing new groups of farmers who are receptive to technology and skill. It is important to develop a collaboration of international organizations or a networking system to exchange information, knowledge, technologies, and experiences.IRRI operates the Integrated Rice Research Consortium for research and development of new technologies, and the Crop and Resource Management Network (CREMNET) to facilitate the exchange and evaluation of knowledge-intensive technologies (KITs) among primarily Asian National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS). The Consultation therefore advocates that collaboration between national and international organizations (FAO, IRRI, CIMMYT, UNDP, NARS, etc. ) should be strengthened to avoid duplication of efforts and to promote the use of sound practices and technologies in intensive rice cropping systems.In addition, the consultation recommends that the existing networks of NARS should be strengthened to facilitate the exchange and evaluation of promising KITs, and to freely share information, knowledge and experiences in promoting KITs for intensive and sustainable rice production. A collection of research scientists is working together with our international partners from the industry sectors, especially in China. China has very simple, cheap technology that we can adopt very fast.

Why Do You Want to Participate in Early the Early College Program?

ADOLESCENT COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT According to Piaget, around age 11 young people enter the formal operations stage in which they develop the capacity for abstract, systematic, scientific thinking. A characteristic of formal operational thinking = hypothetic-deductive reasoning. When faced with a problem they start with a hypothesis or prediction about variables that might affect the outcome, from which they deduce logical, testable inferences.Then they systematically isolate and combine variables to see which of these inferences are confirmed in the real world A second characteristic of Piaget’s formal operational thought is propositional thought – the ability to evaluate the logic of propositions (verbal statements) without referring to real life situations Consequences of Adolescent Cognitive Development Cognitive development leads to distorted images of the relationship between the self and others. Imaginary audience – belief that they are the focus of everyon e else’s attention and concern.As a result they become extremely self-conscious A second cognitive distortion is the personal fable – they are sure others are observing and thinking about them they develop an inflated opinion of their own importance – a feeling that they are special and unique EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ADOLESENCE Erikson suggested that identity is the major personality achievement of adolescents – it involves defining who one is, what one values and the direction one chooses to pursue in life.Erikson called the psychological conflict of adolescence Identity versus Role Confusion Research has identified 4 identity statuses: Identity Achievement – commitment to values, beliefs, and goals following a period of exploration Identity Moratorium – exploration without committing Identity Foreclosure – commitment in the absence of exploration Identity Diffusion – an apathetic state characterized by lack of bot h exploration and commitment Peer pressure is great during adolescenceAdolescents feel pressured to conform to the peer culture –dress, grooming Problems of Adolescence Depression Suicide EARLY ADULTHOOD COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT Contrary to what Piaget suggested, researchers argue that cognitive development continues beyond adolescence to Postformal Thought Several theories in support: William Perry Relativistic thinking – the ability to recognize the legitimacy of competing points of view Gisella ViefPragmatic thinking –a tool in which logic becomes the tool for solving real-world problems. Proposed that postformal thinking involves adapting logical thinking to the practical constraints of real-life situations. EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY ADULTHOOD Erikson suggested that early adulthood encompasses Intimacy versus Isolation stage, which is reflected in the you person’s thoughts and feeling about making a permanent commitment to an intimate par tner.The social clock – age graded expectations for major life events Establishing intimate relationships usually end in marriage, then come children. Decision to have children COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Does intelligence decline with age? Yes and No Fluid Intelligence – depends heavily on basic information processing skills Crystallized Intelligence – refers to skills that depend on accumulate knowledge and experience, good judgment, and mastery of social conventions – abilities acquired because they are values within the individual’s culture.EMOTIONAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MIDDLE ADULTHOOD Erikson’s crisis in middle adulthood = generativity versus stagnation – it involves reaching out to others in ways that give to and guide the next generation Midlife Crisis – the inner turmoil during the transition to middle adulthood Empty Nest Syndrome Sandwich generation – to refer to the idea that middle aged a dults must care for multiple generations at the same time. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN LATE ADULTHOOD

Bank Role in a Nations Economy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Bank Role in a Nations Economy - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, a discussion of a short history of banking would provide a good background on the role of this financial institution two centuries ago. As mentioned before, storehouses were considered banks Nevertheless, even when barter was replaced by currency, the existence of a bank as a financial institution was not yet fully established. In fact, Hildreth ( 1837) wrote that the first bank in Genoa, Venice came into being only after the Republic ended. Hildreth recounts : â€Å"The Republic is engaged in war, and falling short of funds, had recourse to a forced loan. The contributors to that loan, were allowed an annual interest of four percent on the sums they had been obliged to lend; certain branches of the public revenue were assigned for the payment of that interest; and a corporation, entitled the CHAMBER of LOANS, was created for the express purpose of looking after this business, managing those branches of the revenue assigned to the lenders ; and attending to, and securing the punctual payment of the interest, as it fell due†( Hildreth, 1837,p.5) The Chamber fulfilled some of the roles that modern-day banks do such as selling and exchange, lending money, circulating money, and accepting deposits. Later the Chamber was known as the Bank of Venice. From then, banks sprouted into different cities such as Genoa and Barcelona since they engaged in so much trade too. In our current time, banks have played roles not much differently from the Bank of Venice. Only, the banking industry has become more complicated as international trade became dynamic and currency exchange from different countries have grown.  

Current issues in disabilities studies Activity1 Essay

Current issues in disabilities studies Activity1 - Essay Example Individuals are then able to give and receive the good things in life and live a more valuable personal lifestyle because of the government establishing a clear social role. The authors of this argue were attempting to define and analyze the effectiveness of a new inclusionary program at the University of Manchester for individuals with learning disabilities or deficiencies in a higher learning environment. Through the course of observations and analyzing partnerships of individuals with and without learning disabilities, the authors were able to successfully argue that these individuals should be included in the learning and teaching environments because they provide an alternative learning and teaching style to the classroom environment (Boxall, Carson & Docherty, 2004). Many students without learning disabilities are able to value their learning skills more when they are paired with students that have struggles. A teacher will be forced to accommodate the curriculum of the course sessions for both types of students, but the quality of learning will probably increase over time. The author of this article defined the existence and prevalence of disability in a social environment. There are many contradictory socio-political views that involve medicine, economics and political theory to explain how societies define disability. This defining process that is used within societies suggests how the society views disabilities and the ability for a society to be accepting or non-accepting towards individuals with disabilities (Osburn, 1998). Much of the strength for this article is in the beginning where the author states the striking statistics for the prevalence of disability across England, Europe and worldwide. This is clearly a very crucial topic to be discussed and it is evident that each society must work to develop a clear fundamental definition of disability in order to accept it as a part of society and not to be shunned by

Should Homosexuals be allowed to marry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Should Homosexuals be allowed to marry - Essay Example military, leadership development among military personnel among other responsibilities (U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, 2010). The staffs at this facility comprise of official government civil servants. Their skills are acquired through training at some of their subordinate facilities. This paper will review some articles that describe the staff elements of the organization, and the skills among the organization’s members. Articles about the organization, ever since its inception in the year 1973, have been written with the aim of finding out about its competence. The writing of these articles was meant to try and find out if the nature of the organization was out to profit the folks of the United States. So far, there have not been many complaints about the organization (U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, 2010). It is accountable for the hiring of thousands of people who want to serve their country in a number of ways. Romagnoli, P. D. (2006). Increasing effect iveness in Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC). School of Advanced Military studies, Kansas. Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a450914.pdf In this article, Romagnoli questions the effectiveness of the TADOC. The author questions the nature of the organization since he is certain that it does not have proper lines of command. The author believes that these process lines are not firmly rooted into the organization, thus; its effective nature cannot clearly be defined. He admits that the staff structure is not like any seen in any other organization. However, the criticism on the lack of horizontal and vertical communication/integration channels is rising. This makes the organization less effective than normal. To remedy this situation, the author recommends the setting of clear lines of command and control in order to satisfy the desired requirements. Meeting such requirements needs one to understand the structure of the organization. The specialization of ever y staff member is one way to identify who is eligible for what position, and how they can fit comfortably. Clearly defining the staff functions will increase the organization’s performance. Through some of the recommendations put forth, the author states that, the organization is better placed to be more effective. U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command. (2010). TRADOC information pamphlet: Red teaming. TRADOC Public Affairs Office: Fort Monroe, VA. The article printed by the organization was a way for them to introduce a new method of staffing. It reassured the public that it was not a means of getting rid of the existing staff members; rather it was a way for them to make them stronger. The new concept was to make the staff become aware of the existing challenges. The red teams would act as a catalyst for the age of critical thinking on tackling these challenges. The red teams would support decision making in some of the operational formations. This seems like a new way in which the organization is seeking to overcome some of the problems that may exist in it. The formation of these teams would create a podium for people to voice some of their fears, issues, and recommendations to the organization’s management. With proper training, these teams can be of value as their input will be immensely appreciated in the organization. The challenge they create will be instrumental in identifying the vulnerabilities,

The Pros & Cons of In-House Versus Outsourced R&D (Research & Essay

The Pros & Cons of In-House Versus Outsourced R&D (Research & Development) Activity for Technology Firms - Essay Example The first section takes into account the various purposes and definitions of outsourcing as an activity. The primary reasons are explored in detail as to its evolution and factors influencing its security impacts on businesses. The next section outlines the various security issues that may arise in the outsourcing business and its various implications to the business and customer confidence. The primary focus is on secure outsourcing which acts to the safety of businesses and retains the faith and confidence in their services. It acts as a great tool to foster harmonies relationships and ensure business continuity for gaining competitive advantage. The need for state-of-the-art IT solutions worked out and innovations implemented with small losses, outsourcing may be the only way out. It will save from the nightmare of retraining employees (or even hiring new ones) and/or paying for re-equipment (Kenneth, 2007). Information strategy for any organization is purely based on their requirements to manage business and envelope operations into a system which would in turn effectively manage their resources and yield not only profits in the long run but satisfaction to its employees and customers (Laudon, 2002). Rich human capital: Outsourced software vendors produce ‘A’ level business and technological graduates from its most prestigious institutes like Institutes of Management and Institute of Technology. They possess extremely high talent in terms of fundamental knowledge and high level of skills due to their immense strength of aptitude and quantitative ability. The human capital has capability to take up entrepreneurship and make a difference to their economy (Checkland, 2003). Cost efficiency: In Outsourced software vendors, the costs of living and spending habits are quite less and thus the monetary policies are favorable for development at low costs. It makes it favorable for companies to outsource

Is counselling for people with a learning disabilities inclusive Literature review

Is counselling for people with a learning disabilities inclusive - Literature review Example Dawson (2003) argues that people with learning disability interact with others and may have various talents other than in the field of learning they should therefore not be ruled out to have no contribution in the community. After efficient skill sharpening and counselling, they can be involved in various events other than being guided. They therefore feel appreciated and gain courage in the process facilitating the various aspects of counselling put into practice. Identification of the type of learning disability may help in categorising the counselling group or manner to be adopted. Thus the process becomes inclusive in all dimensions. In this review analysis, the method to be applied will include research based on internet websites in order to obtain different findings and opinions of other counsellors. This includes the research on journals posted in such related websites. Another procedure will be the finding as per various government postings concerning this kind of counselling. There will be a review of findings from research carried out by other researchers in this field. According to Cresswell (2009) personal observation and analysis of various methods applied in this area of jurisdiction. Another method that will be put into use in this research will include the use of software for data analysis. This document is a research paper review that contains analysis of various documents in relation to the topic. The parameters of the initial search included the use of internet service in searching web materials in relation to the topic of study. Various books were also used including journals and newspapers. Most peer reviewed journals available in the internet databases were also put into use. Different researchers have carried out analysis of data collected in relation to counselling those with learning disabilities. From these researches, it has been evident that the process is more of inclusive than not. It will be discussed in the subsequent sections

Petrarchs letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Petrarchs letter - Essay Example Some people are only interested in the type and age of the rocks on such mountains, and the type of plant and animal life in such places. Yet some see these rocks and cliff edges as another challenge they need to conquer. But there are those who speak of beyond just knowledge and conquest. Such works by Petrarch have made him to be considered as the father of renaissance and one of the earliest humanists (Clarion Journey par 1-2). Being someone that toured Europe for fun, even earning the name â€Å"the First Tourist†, he set to climb Mount Ventoux. Going against every warning not to reach the peak of the mountain and armed with a novel by St. Augustine that is believed to have fallen open on the ground exposing certain parts that led to engage in deep reflection Petrarch went ahead with his excursion. The warnings he received and the words of St. Augustine’s novel opened his mind and led him to turn to his inner soul rather than the outer world as evidenced by his words â€Å"I was completely satisfied with what I had seen of the mountain and turned my inner eye toward myself. From this hour nobody heard me say a word until we arrived at the bottom.† (Hà ¶rnqvist par. 17). This moment of awareness as he went down Mount Ventoux is considered as the beginning of renaissance. Being the father of humanism and the father of renaissance, he was the first to link Christian philosophy with classic culture. He suggested that humans were given a variety of intellectual and creative potential that can be used as preferred. These humanist philosophical ideas gave rise to the renaissance. His journey on Mount Ventoux was more for luxury rather than a necessity. His journey to the mountain is what led him to write the letter to his friend and also his confessor Dionigi Di Borgo San Sepolcro. In the letter, he states that he had been inspired by the climbing of Mount Haemus by Philip V of Macedon as

The impact to the individual's participation in staff development Essay

The impact to the individual's participation in staff development - Essay Example Finally, two sections examine the theories of Hallinger and Kantamara (2003) and Bolom and Turner (2003). The objective of this literature review is to critically analyze the report whilst keeping the dissertation's objective, identified problems and aim or research questions as a guide. Further, the need for further research from new questions that will arise from this review will justify the need of the dissertation on the subject of why individuals have difficulties participating in staff development. Section I - Quality Education The fundamental question asked concerns education in the 21st century and challenges both future appropriateness of the educational system and its delivery. In reality, the 21st century is something we know very little about, as we are only just 10 years into this century and the new millennium. The future is unknown and therefore one can only forecast, project and extrapolate as to what might be, based on what is already know. Ideology in education is a n evolutionary process. Dominant views on education have influenced teachers for decades. For example, goals to provide equal opportunities and use of young people as a resource for the nation were initiated in from post-war years up to the early 1970s as part of economic expansion. Similarly, the Plowden Report supported child-centred teaching methods to focus on the unique development of each child, becoming known as ‘progressivism’. This ideology is Liberal Romanticism, which also values diversity and individual difference. In the early to mid-1970s, standards were said to have regressed (‘Black Papers’) because curriculum design and organization lacked rigor. In response, the ideology of Educational Conservatism was introduced which emphasized â€Å"the transmission of established social values, knowledge and culture through a subject-orientated approach,† as stated by Pollard & Tann (1990 p 40). The good teacher would reflect on such ideologies and extract ‘the wheat from the chaff’ to improve his own approach to teaching. While such pragmatic values seem promising in theory, the reality of the situation is such that teacher training and curriculum development must develop more objective means of understanding. While the good teacher should have a thirst for continual improvement, this best occurs within an objective framework. As previously mentioned, I personally self-assess my own performance at the end of each lesson. If a lesson has been observed or I have been using classroom assistants, I actively seek their constructive criticism, as I want to be become not only a good teacher but a first class one. Such self-reflexivity is best supplemented with the university model. Pollard & Tann (1990 p 14) state â€Å"practical experience and related discussions at university seem to be more powerful influences for PGCE students on their professional development than their subject studies.† In attempting to become a first class teacher, I found this to be consistently accurate. I am always willing to learn from experienced professionals and lectures. When not teaching, I use the time to observe others to learn valuable experiences. I found my university workshops an excellent source of ideas and an excellent forum to share and learn the best practices. The question to be asked is not â€Å"what is the reason for education?† but â€Å"is it a good education?† A good education should seek to â€Å"

The Alamo 1877 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Alamo 1877 - Essay Example The Alamo became a battlefield between the Texan volunteer forces and the Mexican army troops in 1836. Before that in 1835 the Mexican army after taking over the church, changed it into a fort but was defeated by immigrant settlers and natives of Texas. This historical war for independence was fought with exemplary bravery against odds of limited number of soldiers sacrificing their lives, fighting against a powerful Mexican army. William Barett Travis – the leading hero of the war fought a heroic battle against Santa Anna’s powerful Mexican army – made an appeal to his people in one of his letters from the Alamo in 1836 for support. â€Å"I shall never surrender or retreat. Then, I call on you in the name of Liberty, of patriotism, and everything dear to the American character, to come to our aid with all dispatch. ...† proclaiming â€Å"VICTORY OR DEATH† (Page 2 William Barrett Travis Letter from the Alamo, 1836). As no support reached at the site of battle, Santa Anna’s army attacked resulting in the death of the saviors of the Alamo. This historic fight took place on February 20, 1835. About 150 Texas fighters, under the command of William B. Travis got ready to save San Antonio fort – the Alamo – opposing Mexican General Santa Anna’s largely over-competitive army. Background: Since 1835, the Texans had been on a winning spree. Most of the Mexican army had left with the elimination of their garrison. As most of the volunteers of the war had returned back home thinking that war was over, the fight on the Alamo was still not over. There was lack of unity in the provisional government; as a result no fast supplies could be rushed to the Alamo. In this context, the message of the letter written by William B. Travis was important. There were only 100 fighters in January under the command of James C. Neil; about twenty five volunteers led by James Bowie joined later. William B. Travis reached the Alamo on February 3

Japanese Pornographic Animation Essay Example for Free

Japanese Pornographic Animation Essay Susan J. Napier’s â€Å"The Frenzy of Metamorphosis: The Body in Japanese Pornographic Animation† describes how both female and male bodies are depicted in Japanese animated pornography. Napier explains how male dominance over women is portrayed in the different animated films she has cited, where gender-specific roles are usually restored in the end of each film or series. For example, the female lead character in the animated film Wicked City is portrayed as a better warrior than the male lead character, but in the end she assumes the traditional role of damsel-in-distress and mother of the child that would bring peace to their city and its parallel, the Black World. Napier further highlights the often problematic and complicated depiction of male-female relationships in these films. The fantasy behind every transformation a male or female character’s body undergoes in the animated film subliminally illustrates underlying cultural backgrounds, as well as frustrations, of the Japanese. In these films, the female characters are commonly fantastically proportioned with massive breasts and hips, and tiny waists, while the male characters are similarly fantastically sexually endowed and lustful. Such depictions appear to reflect heavy Western influences. The metamorphosis of female bodies is described by Napier as â€Å"controlled† in that they are rather reflective of traditional roles and perceptions towards females in Japanese culture. Meanwhile, the metamorphosis of male bodies is described as more of â€Å"demonic dominance and comic frustration. † While they are subversive to the patriarchal culture of Japan, male bodies are portrayed in the opposite of how female bodies are portrayed. Male bodies are portrayed as either grotesquely demonic-looking or ridiculously child-like. Napier maintains that males do not always come out as the dominant character in Japanese animated pornography. I find this rather arguable as most if not all of the examples highlighted in the reading suggest the presence of a male figure whose role is either to dominate the female character or to support it. Culturally, Japanese are of control-minded and patriarchal culture where every female is traditionally submissive to a male partner. The presence of a male character, no matter how comic or demonic as depicted in the film, can be attributed to an attempt to balance out the portrayal of powers where the protagonist is a female; hence, whether the dominant role belongs to the male or female remains problematic. The presence of the male support character suggests that female characters cannot achieve great power over her adversary without him. An example of this is La Blue Girl where the lead character, a female ninja, is supported by her male ninja sidekick who is portrayed as constantly lusting after her. Napier also cites that male orgasms are depicted far less than male frustrations in these films because orgasms are viewed as a loss of patriarchal control. Patriarchal control can also be seen in the way that female orgasms are almost always depicted in these films, regardless of whether these orgasms are the result of traditional lovemaking or of sexual torture. I find that this is because of socio-cultural factors given the changes in roles of men and women in modern Japanese society. The Japanese male ego seems to be affected by this change so much that their frustration is reflected even in their animated pornographic films. Hence, Japanese animated pornography tend to portray female characters as young and non-threatening (high school girls, commonly) while male characters are either comically lustful (young or old voyeurs) or powerfully demonic. Many of the strong male characters in Japanese animated pornography are depicted as demons, making them appear threatening and ultimately powerful over the females. Even if the female lead characters are able to overcome these demonic male antagonists at the end of the film, these females are still portrayed as traditionally vulnerable to sexual violence.

Marketing Plan and Analysis of Shaving Cream

Marketing Plan and Analysis of Shaving Cream The shaving cream Introduction :- Shaving cream is a substance that is applied to the face or wherever else hair grows, to provide lubrication and avoid razor burn during shaving. Shaving cream is often bought in a spray can, but can also be purchased in tubs or tubes. Shaving cream in a can is commonly dispensed as a foam or a gel. Creams that are in tubes or tubs are commonly used with a shaving brush to produce a rich lather The cream itself commonly consists of a mixture of oil, soaps, surfactants, and water or alcohol, manufactured under carefully controlled conditions to ensure proper pH and consistency. Introduction to topic:- In this term paper my topic is shaving cream. In this I prepare the IMC plan for the shaving cream and analysis various competitors and develop various strategies to promote this brand. Various steps taken by me to promote by product are shown below:- Situational analysis. Determine opportunity. Determining communication objectives. Decide about budget. Develop IMC strategies to promote my product. Vision of the company The companys vision is to build total brand value by innovating to deliver consumer value and customer relationship faster, better and more effectively than its competitors. This vision statement has led to the development and introduction of various newer products especially in male division and adoption of a more customer oriented approach. Provide better quality products with affordable prices. Basic strategies of AYRULITTE:- Innovate. Heavy promotions and advertising. Brand extensions. Launching innovative and superior products. Events Sponsorship (cricket, soccer, tennis) IMC plan:- (Integrated Marketing Communication) IMC has become a very popular trend at present time. It is a management concept that brings together all the tools of marketing communication to send consistent message to target audience. Consumers wants and needs should be the main focus of the program. Steps comes under IMC planning Situational Analysis:- Before launching our product we have need to collect some information about the current market situation means what trend is going on in the market and what is preference of the customers at present their taste etc. Situational analysis provides a history of the IMC functions and an assessment of the environment. Several factors must be considered in the situational analysis. The company or organization for which the IMC plan is being created must be analyzed. The environment in which this organization operates must be understood and detailed. A market and consumer behavior analysis must be completed. Further, you must understand the competitors. External Environment analysis:- In which we analysis about the polices of Government for launching this product. In which analysis that The Governments continued focus on liberalization; trade friendly policies and improvement in infrastructure have resulted in a steady inflow of global investments into the Indian market which has again resulted in higher income levels due to increased employment opportunities and sustained economic boom. Thus, it can be said that due to higher income elasticity of demand, demand for personal grooming products are expected to grow at a rate higher than the rise in income levels of people. However, since the market is still driven largely by price and not quality (typically in rural markets and smaller towns), consumers might not value the potential benefit of paying higher prices for better and safer products. Competitors Analysis:- As i am introducing new brand of shaving cream so it is very necessary for me to collect the information about my competitors and about their products and their competitive strategies .so major competitors in this sector are shown below. Competitors analysis COLGATE PALMOLIVE : Colgate-Palmolive has three products in the shaving cream/gel/foam segment. Palmolive shaving creams are enriched with revitalizing sea minerals, this rich formula refreshes skin and protects against razor irritation. They are formulated with soothing Aloe-Vera, this rich foam is mild on skin and helps guard against irritation. One variant is a creamy formula featuring palm extract to hydrate and moisturize skin. This cream in a long thin tube is very easy to use. As you just put onto your face and use your shaver and it will get all your stubbles of your face leaving it nice and smooth The Price of each of these products is mentioned with size of the pack in the table below GODREJ:- Godrej is the domestic brand of shaving cream for Indian market. Recently Godrej has invested heavily for the expansion in this market. They have bought a shaving cream manufacturing and marketing company in South Africa and are looking forward to some other alliances for the presence in global market. The shaving cream from Godrej is among the lowest priced shaving cream in the market. It is targeting the price sensitive customer in the Indian market. But the quality of the product is satisfactory in spite of its near about half the price than its competitors. Although, variants are few in terms of size, fragrance and packaging, it is still in the shopping list of many consumers. Godrej is a domestic brand of shaving cream and now it is looking to expand in the global. Audience situation Before launching any product we have analysis who are our customers and other factors like their income criteria as my product is my product is shaving cream. we are focusing on every class people, so, we will be providing services on the basis of their status. Each class people have their own way of living according to their income . so we will provide services according their income, taste, preference. Product situation:- Involves what is the quality of our product and product benefits to the customers, why peoples buy this product. Following steps comes under it. Quality of the product is very important factor for customer it over comes the problem why they buy this shaving cream so we maintain the quality of the shaving cream according to the set standards of the government and we are provide superior quality product at affordable prices. Packaging another point for tapping the customer is to design the out look(packing) of the product in this way customer attract towards it. This is clear from the AYRULITTE after shave packing SWOT ANALYSIS:- Strength Better quality Special formulation Affordable price Effective promotion strategy weakness New in market. Poor distribution challenge. Mainly focused on youth. Opportunity:- Large market High growth Constant demand Can be produce various related product aftershave Threats Tough competition from market leaders Bargaining power of suppliers New entrance Large number of substitute products available Determine a problem or opportunity: After situational analysis next step is to identify the problem or opportunities concerning communications To understand the buying intention of shaving cream and foam users and analyze the effect of non-attribute factors. To understand the brand loyalty of customers towards shaving cream/foam/gel Identify the parameters that play the most important role in a consumers choice of buying shaving cream/gel. Main objective for determine opportunity:- What is the inter-brand recall of shaving cream/gel/foam brands and their existing image in the consumers mind? What is the effect of non-attribute factors on the purchasing decision of shaving gel/foam? How strong is the brand loyalty of customers towards shaving cream/gel/foam? What are the factors that play the most important role in a consumers choice of buying shaving cream/gel/foam? Determine the communication objectives Communication objectives flow from marketing objectives. As we are new entrant in the market there for my main communication objectives are shown below. To aware peoples about over the new brand giving better quality products with reasonable prices. Creating image in the mind of the customers by using proper media. (Advertising, news paper) Sales promotion. Budget analysis:- The very important step for a company is to prepare a budget to estimate about their expenses and how much cost we are incur in which involves all the expenses on advertisement to promote the product. I have plan to invest Rs. 20cr. And its detail showed below. Promotion IMC strategies:- After deciding about Budget we have to plan how our message is convey to the target audience for that we have to follow certain things like Target audience: means to whom this product is target for that firstly we have to analysis about Market segmentation, Targeting, Positioning (STP) Segmentation:- Market segmentation is the process of dividing a total market into market groups consisting of people who have relative similar product needs, there are clusters of needs. The method of identifying a group of consumers, within abrader market, that has similar characteristics and needs. Segments can be identified by examining demographic Psychographic, and behavioral differences. In the shaving cream market there exist different categories of customers who have different needs and are willing to pay different amount for the product that meets their demand. Introduction of shaving cream would help AYRULITTE identify the needs of the customers and take advantage of the segment which has not yet been targeted by the company. Price sensitivity, importance of attributes, point of purchase decision makers and customers influenced by additional features are the factors on which we will segment the shaving cream market. Market segmentation according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and rural area consumers. The company further differentiate the geographical segments according to Socio Economic Cluster (SEC) i.e. education and Income. Targeting:- Targeting means to which segment we are targeting means in segmentation we are divide market into different categories out of these to segment this shaving cream focus. The target market has been identified as the customers who are concerned about the attributes of the shaving cream but are not willing to shift from the current price band to a higher price band As we know urban and sub urban middle class and rural poor people are the largest part of Indian population. Acc. To a research in India reveals that urban rich people are more likely to buy imported and expensive products. Moreover rural poor people tend to buy cheap products even without evaluating its quality. However urban and sub urban upper middle and middle class people tend to buy affordable and quality products. AYRULITTE shaving cream is not a highly expensive but an affordable product. That is why the company targets urban and sub urban upper middle and middle class people who are the second highest population of segment of the country. Positioning:- Positioning refers to how customers think about proposed and/or present brands in a market. In which we analysis how customers thinks about offerings in the market. As we are new entrant in this sector there is intense competition provide by competitors so For creating good position in the buyers mind through better product attributes, price and quality, offering the product in a different way than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers mind as the best quality shaving creams. A great positioning strategy adapted by AYRULITTE shaving cream reference to its packaging, fragrances and product designing. For men having AYRULITTE image. Mainly focus on youth. In saloons hairdressers So we can say that positioning means creating image in the mind of the customer. Thats why at first we analysis the market and after that apply positioning strategy. As shown below firstly we have to prepare Marketing plan and set marketing objective and strategies. The IMC model consists with marketing Mix elements communication mix elements. MARKETING MIX:- As shown above in IMC model integrated marketing consists with the 4 marketing mix elements which are also known as 4ps of marketing these are shown below. Product Price Place Promotion PRODUCT :- Involve various products in which company deals AYRULITTE has a range of shaving products for different types of skins and user requirements. AYRULITTE is manufactured by imported raw materials like sodium soap, glycerol and different extracts according to flavors. Taking into account the convenience of its customers, the company manufactures all flavors of shaving cream in three different sizes, 40gm, 80gm and 120gm. PRODUCT RANGE:- Shaving cream Shave gel Foam After shave cooling gel After-shave balm splash Price :- Price is main thing which we have to decide to for tapping our customer we have affordable pricing strategy at which every segment of the population by it. Prices of the products are set according to the competitors. AYRULITTE has 6 product variants of shaving gel/foam for the Indian market. PLACE: Place refers to the distribution network from where customers buy these products. The distribution network of AYRULITTE is very robust. The distribution network is a combination of own network and that of a franchisee from the customers buy the products. The distribution network follows a hub .The hubs are the 20 cities. These cities are managed by the exclusive distributors in those cities. Every city has only one franchisee distributor. Each franchisee distributor has his own set of employees working for him. The distributor also manages his own fleet costs to supply to the retailers. Distribution Distribution Network:- PROMOTION:- As we know promotion is the main part for the success of any company so I am mainly focus on this part AYRULITTE has extensive promotion campaign for the Indian market. Promotion may be defined as the co-ordination of all seller initiated efforts to set up channels of information and persuasion to facilitate the scale of a good or service. Promotion is most often intended to be a supporting component in a marketing mix. Promotion decision must be integrated and co-ordinate with the rest of the marketing mix, particularly product/brand decisions, so that it may Effectively support an entire marketing mix strategy. The promotion mix consists of four basic elements. They are:- Advertising Personal Selling Sales Promotion, and Publicity Advertising is the paid form of promotion Advertisement is a mass communicating of information Newspapers and magazines. On radio and television broadcasts Direct mail Web site. By sponsorship. ADVERTISEMENT ON TV:- The advertisement that I have chosen is AYRULITTE shaving cream It urges its customers to look thought the practical, easy and confident usage of product. The copy itself says the very imp moments .i.e. Marriage play imp role and anybody would want it to happen without any hassle. The usage of product which is hassle free and very convenient conveyed thought this commercial very effectively with the help of little humor in to it. Any common man can identify connect himself with message and the way its been presented to him. Other strategies Push Approach: We would offer pack 5 razors with AYRULITTE Shaving Cream (Priced at Rs 50) weight 80gm. This strategy helps to take intention of the customer towards the products. And with help of this we will create brand image in the mind of the customers. Pull Approach: Our advertisement has to entice the target consumer the aspiring consumer who comes from the middle and lower middle class and gives importance to attributes but is also price sensitive. Our target consumer is widespread throughout the country- rural, urban. From over advertisement we show this will helps us to enhance awareness of over product through out the country.

Literature Review on Mobile Banking

Literature Review on Mobile Banking Mobile banking is defined as a provision and availment of mobile and bank services by using telecommunication device, the services may include keep in contact with bank to administer account and access customized information (Tiwari and Bus, 2007) Mobile banking is a channel through which a customer can interact with bank through device such as mobile and PDA ( Tommi Laukkanen, Suvi Sinkkonen, Marke Kivijà ¤rvi, Pekka Laukkanen, 2007). Mobile banking is seen as an extension to the payment system of bank which enables mobile network to extend its services in reach of customer (Gavin Troy Krugel, 2007) Mobile banking help customer to access their banks anytime. Through mobile banking application customer can check their account details, transfer money transitions, and can pay their bills while sitting at home and offices. (Infogile Technologies, August 2007) The continuous development and usage of mobile make people to become in habit for it and this force companies to come up with new mobile services. Some studies shows that the transaction through mobile is more secure than a connection through internet on pc. But some studies go against it and showed the security a major challenge for mobile banking (Tommi Laukkanen, Suvi Sinkkonen, Marke Kivijà ¤rvi Pekka Laukkanen, 2007). Some factors which nourished the mobile banking and due to which the need of mobile banking is felt are the economic development (globalization is leading to mobility), high density of mobile devices, powerful devices, high data transfer, attitude of new generation towards the use of mobile banking the need and wish for mobility is increased. Features of mobile banking includes its available anywhere, anytime, instant connectivity, pro active functionality (push and pull technology), easy access (simple authentication) ( Tiwari and Bus, 2008). Mobile banking can provide location based services as compared to banks. Mobile banking is more secure than internet, it not only provide traditional bank services but also 3A services (anywhere, anytime and anyhow).As mobile banking is more convenient, effective and efficient which help to attract more customer (Jin, Nie, Xianling, Hu, 2008) Banking services, delivered by means of mobile phone Informational services: report on any type of transactions to mobile phone Payment services, based on mobile phone Mobile banking can be based on different technologies SMS, WAP, GPRS/Edge/3G(Eddy Cormon,2009) The difference between internet banking (e-banking) and mobile banking (m-banking) is that through internet bank account information is access by pc or off the mobile and through mobile banking account information is accessed by its two channels either via SMS or browser and by using mobile banking in advance era a customer get SMS alert of changes in account (Bankable Frontier Associates, 2008). Mobile banking is area in which the development can flourish and can lead to replace credit/debit card. In past 2 to 3 years mobile banking advance itself to the extent that it increase three times if we go on comparison with debit/credit cards banking (Mahesh .K. harma , Ritvik Dubey, 2009) Mobile Banking: Use of mobile device to connect to a financial institution to conduct customer self-service (CCS) includes viewing account balance, transferring funds between the accounts, paying bills or receiving accounting alerts. Mobile Payments: Use of a mobile device to make a purchase or other pay ment-related transaction. Payments initiated in physical or virtual worlds, and can be conducted via SMS, MMS, mobile Internet, downloadable application, and NFC chips.(Breffni McGuire and Marianne Crowe, 2008 ) From the last ten years technology has been evolving itself by inclusion or replacement of other technologies coming through as the day pass. This technology development has a great impact on banking industry. On the other hand the services of banking is also go through many changes starting from early eighties when telephone banking and computer banking took a lead and moved towards ATM and internet banking applications. As the electronic banking was on its peak along with it change bring in mobile technologies as well including SMS, WAP, 3G and 4G technologies (Tommi Laukkanen, Suvi Sinkkonen, Marke Kivijà ¤rvi Pekka Laukkanen, 2007). The population of Pakistan is exceed to 170 million but unfortunately there are approximately 16 million bank accounts and left behind 110 million people are without access to banks. The main focus of mobile banking is rural area, where people have 2500 branches of banks for 105 million people and 42000 subscribers per branch, Whereas mobile phone users are reached to 97 million. So that Pakistan was a good market for Mobile Banking begning. (CGAP, February 2010) In Pakistan mobile banking is emerged and famous by the name of branchless banking. After the struggle of five years from 2005 to 2010 now Pakistan is able to make their people dreams come true and mobile banking is now on its success way. Back to march 2007 first time the policy and regulatory paper was issued by SBP on a base of branchless banking (which can provide the financial services to the people who are underserved or unbanked). (CGAP, February 2010) Financial institutions were reluctant to make such huge and risky initial investment. SBP insist on implementation of mobile banking and advice Financial Institution and Banks to process the work flow of mobile banking otherwise the that would be permitted to the MNOs (Mobile Network Operators) to start their own. SBP take step with Ministry of information technology (MOIT) and Tameer bank. In 2009, Telenor has launched easypaisa( First Mobile banking Platform) with the help of Tameer Bank (A microfinance bank mostly owned by Telenor). In 2010 MCB, UBL and Allied Bank has implemented the mobile banking and making it more profitable for banks and customers as well. (CGAP, February 2010) Benefits to Customer: Customer can access his/her account by sitting at home. he/she dont need to at the counter of bank and answer the various questions of officers. Mobile banking is time saving. Mobile banking keep informing customers about his/her bank account all the time anywhere. Utility payments can be done through M-payment customers donot need to get in line and wait for his/her turn ( Uppal, 6 jan 2010). Benefits to Bank: By reduction of transaction cost, banks can save big money as Government gain is Rs.12 or Rs.13out of every 100 rupees, through mobile banking this cost reduce to Rs. 2 Time saved by the bank through mobile banking can be utilize in expansion of business, marketing and sale activities etc Banks can be benefited in a way by getting commission from cellular companies for providing services through ATM i-e prepaid talk time Those banks that are providing these services have a competitive advantage over those who are not providing it (Uppal, 6 jan 2010). MODELS: According to the policy paper issued on regulatory frame work of mobile banking by SBP there is only bank led model allowed. Non-bank model will only be allowed afterwards when players included in system get that much mature to have a limited control on a system. Bank- led model can be implemented by joint venture of Bank and cellular companies (SBP, 2007). Mobile banking can be implemented by using One- to-One Model, One-to-many and many-to-many model (SBP, 2007). One-to-one Model: In this model only one bank gets in agreement with a telecom company to provide mobile banking services to the customer. The scope is limited because the services is specific to one telco customers but good service standard, greater customization and opportunity of Co-branding and Co-marketing (SBP, 2007). One-to-many model: In this model a bank is in agreement with many telecom companies and provides service of mobile banking to their customers and everybody who has mobile phone can reach to the mobile banking service. There are several drawbacks of this model one is the telco cannot prioritize the mobile banking SMS services in order to provide quick transactions, secondly financial institution has to bear all expense related to advert/marketing, lastly bank is responsible for the arrangement of product distribution and cash inflows and outflows (SBP, 2007). Many-to-many Model; In this model many banks interact with many telecom companies in order to provide services to all those customers who have bank accounts. System leads under this model require a central transaction processing system which is handled by a financial institution or a third party who had an agreement with bank. Transaction processing system must be responsible for provision of real time service, having all proves of transactions and provide daily basis reconciliation to the account holder. This model has minimum limitation and gives maximum connectivity to its customer like an ATM which can be use by the consumer for initiating another bank transaction (SBP, 2007). In 1997 Nokia, Motorola, Ericson and phone.com came together to have a one platform for WAP application because they believed that it is critical to have a uniform standard for implementation of wireless internet universally. From that time 350 more companies join them for WAP (o.o.obe and V.F balogun, 2007). Mobile banking can be implemented through companies other than telco such as fuel distribution companies, Pakistan post, chain stores etc by using technologies of mobiles and pc (SBP, 2007). According to the research, number of those people who doesnt have bank account are 4 billion in this world which is more than two third of world population consist of low and middle income countries. In Pakistan the ratio of financial outflow is even higher than inflow, the increase of inflows is become the critical component which lead to country economic development. Mostly developing countries had implemented mobile banking such as Kenya, south Africa, Philippines, Cambodia. (Syed Salim Raza, 2010) In Kenya mobile banking is implemented by largest mobile service provider, Safaricom and launched M-PESA in 2007. With the increase of 10000 subscriptions per day, Kenya has now 7 million clients out of 38 million people. Kenya provides services of depositing and transfer of money, in order to operate M-PESA 10000 agent was hired. M-PESA is usful for those area where there is hard to reach to banks. According to study the income of Kenyan is increase to 30% since they had started mobile banking. (Syed Salim Raza, 2010) Philippines were the first user of mobile banking is ASIA. The central bank of Philippines (BSP) has taken step towards opening of mobile banking. Further than mobile banking is supported by two biggest mobile network operators in Philippines, Global and Smart. The services provided by the smart is smart money having 2.5 million out of 39 million subscriber and 1.2 million subscriber of Gcash services out of 23 million by Global. According to BPS, through traditional way customer was charge 2.5 or 5 % of remittances but in mobile banking this cost only less than 2% and Philippians are now charge US$ 50. (Syed Salim Raza, 2010). Mobile banking working based on its four constituent MNO, Banks, user applications, customers. These participant help to translate the transaction initiated from customer to the format which can be understood by banking system. For the implementation of mobile banking bank use its core infrastructure with some advancement in which a user is authenticated (usually a pin) through a platform usually a phone and a server, information is extracted from a user and pass it on to the bank then bank have set of processes for a transaction once the application is done with financial transaction it is switch back to the user by an acknowledgement usually in a form of bank account reconciliation (Gavin Troy Krugel, 2007). The technology use in mobile banking can be categories in two environments, technologies at server side and technologies at customer side. SMS, IVR, USSD2 and WAP are server side technologies, on the other hand consumer side technologies includes applications, solution and offer which is set in SIM or in user mobile such as [emailprotected] and J2ME (Java) (Gavin Troy Krugel, 2007). According to the study there are different challenges faced by the mobile banking discussed by different author which relate to mobile banking through different prospects. Uniform standard is one of the most important challenge as there are many devices of different service providers and vendors are indulge. There are no uniform regulation had made for those electronic devices to work on one platform. Network security (unauthorized access), customer privacy, and clearance of liability on customer side as they go for loan because through mobile banking the subscriber has virtual account and there is financial risk involve in it. A challenge of wireless carriers and financial institution dispute, both have different responsibility with respect to mobile transaction. (VENABLE, LLP, November, 2008). The lack of interoperability among mobile operators has limited the access of mobile payment (Kopicki and Miller, 2008). Some of the challenges which include profitability, can be generated b y the initial payment paid by the customer for initiating a transaction. Which would be paid by the customer if the offer of mobile banking seems attractive to him, if its not does so then the initial cost of banks would be a sunk cost. Interoperability, regulatory issues and security are major constraints. (Ref: Upkar Varshney, December 2002). Financial loss seems more fearful for a customer because something passing in air is not that much secure than physical transaction. Privacy risk which relate to the theft of private information. There are many uncertainties related to customer for example they think that they may not make mistake while doing financial transaction through mobile. The loss of connection which left the transaction incomplete make customer hesitated for usage of mobile for its financial transaction. Ref: (Tommi Laukkanen, Suvi Sinkkonen, Marke Kivijà ¤rvi, Pekka Laukkanen, 2007). The introduction of GSM technology helped to boost the idea and implementation of mobile banking in Nigeria. Some of the challenges faced by the Nigeria are sustainability of of growth and progress, requisition of funds for marketing of mobile banking, development of promotion of IT, Security and privacy issues, Middleware issues devices, network and protocol limitation, different standards (o.o.obe and V.F balogun, 2007) As mobile banking is a new concept that will bring some challenges and issues as well, if these issues are solved adequately it will proved to be more benefited than other technologies. Some issues including awareness about mobile banking which cover rural and urban areas, the extent of resolving the issue of security and privacy these issues can be handled very carefully and effectively but the need to take an eye of interest (uppal, 2010) According to the survey more than 60% of users are worried about security of personal data and password protection while using mobile banking as mobile phone encryption ability is limited as compare to personal computer because of which the mobile cannot meet the demand of financial security. Various threats such as cloning and use of magic cards in advance era make mobile unprotected. The applications of new technologies make the bank to keep on changing the competition rule in banking industry. The most competitive challenge is how to provide the banking services to the customer which is more convenient to them, awareness among people would be a catalyst but also upgrade the business innovation and based on these services the mobile banking is the future (Zhong Wan, Weifeng Yin and Ronggao Sun, 2009). Issues in mobile banking are demonstrated as there are large numbers of people who do not have bank accounts especially in rural areas, due to unawareness and distant factor the people dont know about banking. There are policies, regulatory and legal, financial, security from malicious viruses, spam and malware attacks, information transfer (privacy of individual) and consumer protection, information disclosure on tariffs and services, data security, technical issues which need to be tackle. While introducing various applications for mobiles such as WAP based solutions create difficulty in uniform standards. Standards need to be address security and privacy concerns of customer as well as to promote the interoperability between different implementations. Revenue sharing agreement is another major issue between service provider, banks, content providers, other service provider such as utilities, retailer (Sanjeev Banzal, 2008). Challenges faced by the bank during implementation of mobile banking in Bangladesh are, Difficulty in selection of right software, Huge Investment in purchasing the Software, License, inability to do interbank transaction as the national payment switch is not in place. Handling huge agent network to deliver and receive cash over the counter. Challenges for mobile operator includes, sharing network with multiple Banks and Operator, technical limitation to access other banks, breaches in data privacy, accounting errors, or fraudulent transactions could expose an operator to large liabilities and serious reputation damage, The complex delivery of financial services could distract management from its core communications business, perhaps stretching the abilities of smaller mobile operators, Additional Investment in Solutions. Challenges faced by solution providers are, most of the solution are telco led so bank do not feel safe, Huge Investment from their part as most of the Bank wants t o share revenue, Some of the Banks are also not ready in terms of core banking or infrastructure for mobile baking solution. Challenges faced by government are prepare a proper guideline for the Mobile Banking system, maintaining track of all the financial transaction, setà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ up a list of services and there charges for all the mobile Banking service, Ensuring the compatibility of the software in Bank Led Model, Allow Interà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Bank transaction( Muntasir B. Shahariar, 2010). In order to provide mobile banking services the service provider has faced a challenge of security and privacy of customer, service provider has to promise users a level of security, a solution for this challenge has been made by mobile service provider is PIN and pass code to authorize valid customers and encrypted data for transfer along with the threat of password or PIN stolen if a mobile phone or wireless device is lost. Cope with low price charged to the customer is a also a hidden challenge for financial institutions because mobile banking is based on the revenue sharing model but in order to attract and retain customer low price than e-banking and previous banking service must be target(Caroline Boyd, 2007). Though mobile banking has a potential to improve saving rate and provide access to financial product but its still facing challenges which need to overcome includes high barrier to entry, low rate of loan repayment because of less contact with customer and regulatory issues (John Erickson, 2010). Attackers are gaining experience in tricks and those techniques which are unknown in 1990 are become mainstreams in 2000s such as phishing, malware, pharming such as DNS poisoning, increasing advancement in phones now threats is increased more on mobile than pcs(Bankable Frontier Associates, 2008) Challenge regarding m-banking to policy-makers and regulators is two-fold: Firstly, to encourage banks and mobile operators to develop solutions that are not proprietary, and secondly, to allow access to potential new entrants that can disrupt the lucrative business models of the banks and mobile operators. The key challenge is to do this while at the same time ensuring high levels of security and trust. Just like convergence forced the integration of broadcasting and telecommunications, so mobile banking is forcing the convergence of the financial and telecommunications sectors. Unfortunately, the convergence of two such heavily regulated industries means that this potential is unlikely to be met unless policy-makers lay the ground rules for innovation. (Comninos, Esselaar, Ndiwalana Stork, 2008) The bigger barriers in way of mobile banking is interoperability, fraud and security ,lack of awareness and understanding of benefits can achieve from mobile banking (Mahesh .K. harma , Ritvik Dubey, 2009). The common challenge policy makers and regulators have to address is: how to formulate regulatory policy that balances the need to provide space for innovation whilst ensuring services are scaled up safely (GSMA, 2008) There are also other manifest security challenges in delivering banking and payment services through wireless channels. Banks and other providers must implement security measures that adequately address these risks and threats regardless of the underlying network and carrier infrastructure used in delivering their services( Tony Chew, 2002) PUBLIC KEY INFRASTRUCTURE (PKI) FOR MOBILE BANKING To understand the challenges of deploying PKI in mobile banking, it is assumed that two keys are important. One for encryption and another for decryption. Only the decryption key must be kept secret: it is called the private key. The corresponding encryption key call the public key can be published. A Public key infrastructure works as follow. Each mobile bank user is listed in a public directory, with his/her public key. If mobile banking user wants to send a message to the bank server, he/she obtains banks public key from the directory and uses it to encrypt the message. The encrypted message is sent to bank application server. Only bank server is able to decrypt this message, because only bank knows the corresponding decryption key. Further, mobile user can use his/her private key to digitally sign his/her message by encrypting the message (or its hash) with his/her private key. Although everybody can read public-key directories, they must be protected from falsification and abuse. Therefore,there is need arise for an appropriate infrastructure called a public key infrastructure (PKI). (Narendiran, Rabara, Rajendran, 2010) In Jan 2010, for the security protection public key certificate was introduce by which the transactions made more secure than ever by using public key certificate, a special phone i-e smart phone used in which electronic signature is validate the transaction and authenticate to access the banks website. For this purpose application based Microsofts ActiveX internet explorer was necessary in order to download PKC. As mobile phone is a non- Microsoft browser and its do not support ActiveX for example iPhone , blackberry, Android, these phone do not support the designed procedure, therefore the mobile phones cant be used for mobile banking. In July 2010, Financial services commission extended its regulation to allow other verification methods by which a lay man can having its simple mobile phone set can use mobile banking services by introducing non-Microsoft browsers (CAU, 2010). The major regulatory issues which set around the branchless banking some of them are; 1- the risk of failure after introduction, a high profile failure lead to failure of all branchless schemes in which a high risk involved, 2- Non-bank institution must be introduce why only trust bank and presently using model of bank led is not always successful there must be bank led model at bank because mobile operator is a trustable authority and mobile operator can provide facilities such as a transaction can be traced geographically that a bank can never provide and mobile operator can know location exactly well than banks where a money is going to transfer and where its going to be received.3- appropriation of KYC regulation is necessary the suitability of application of customer should be under consideration. For example, if a customer transfer $30 and other is transferring $1000, will both undergo same KYC checks? If the most basic KYC checks applied to the poorest customer and full KYC ch ecks would be applied to the customer who reached to the Max-limit this relaxation may lead to the risk of terrorist attacks (Paul Makin and McEvoy, 2009). Those regulation that have been used for traditional banking cant be used for mobile banking because the risks of traditional bank and risks of mobile banking cant be equal so there is a need to develop more regulation for mobile banking, there are some areas in which the regulator attention is more require for example, making legal anti money transaction, agency rule, fullfilment cost of regulation, Foreign exchange controls, Payment regulation for non-banks, i.e. mobile operators (GSMA,2008) The regulation against risk of fraud, loss of privacy of customer and even for loss of service for the establishment of trust among the customer and its the most necessary element for the development of mobile banking. A legal framework needed which give authority to receive or send payments in electronic form. The Regulations also require for the Banks to take corrective actions and result proof measures to provide protection against violation terms and conditions of licensing including power to suspend or withdraw the license and if is there any violation done enforce financial penalty or regulate compensation. In order to formulate regulation the bank is eligible for issuance of rules, regulation and guidelines and directions for paper based payment items and the instruments used to complete the transactions and for presentation of electronic check. Moreover, the regulation is set by the bank to recognize new payment tools for the protection of interest of customer by ensuring sec urity, integration, reliability of the payment system. In bank of India, the guidelines are only formulate by the reserve bank of India and it specifies that only those bank who have physical presence in India will be licensed and supervised and will be allowed to offer mobile banking in India. Services shall be restricted only to customers of banks and holders of debit/credit cards issued as per Reserve Bank of India guidelines. SBP issued a policy paper on Mobile ( Rasheda Sultana, 2009) The development of mobile banking require some rules and regulation to be implemented for the protection of consumer, promote secure transactions, encourage economic stability. In regulation, clearly define those activities and institutional arrangements for mobile banking that directly focus on licensing, regulation and management by financial authority. It is require by those who are offering mobile banking to clearly expose prices and services offered by them along with it ensure fair dealing and data protection for all consumer. It is also require that mobile banking facilitator supervise risks of fraud and illegal activities under the rules of Know Your customer (KYC) (CAU, 2010) Banking which elaborately discusses models of mobile banking and associated risks. SBP recommends bank-based model with the scope of introducing non-bank-based model at later stage ( Rasheda Sultana, 2009) Financial crisis highlights need to make customer protection, financial access and financial stability mutually reinforcing Technological advances in mobile banking necessitate regulations that are flexible enough to accommodate innovation and customer demand yet stringent enough to protect customer privacy. The clarification of issues help banks and telecom companies to assess the risk involved in providing mobile banking in better way (CAU, 2010) A major issue that come arise while using mobile banking is to know your customer, new customer identity evertime verified whenever he have to use the service. In Kenya, identification is proved through national id card and M-PESA service which rely on id card authentication and it goes perfect. Some development in regulation allowed that only a bank can offer mobile banking services because of the reason that mobile operator due to its lack of perception and recognition power, do not know how to apply same regulatory environment to the non- bank to some extent. As the security, protection (end to end encryption) can be done only by the mobile operators since the SIM in under control of mobile operator. There are two ways to resolve this issue one is to relax the SIM control, there will be a time reach in near future that the SIM will be public utility and some control rights would be taken away from mobile operator and given to the third parties, second is relaxation of security As the implementation of mobile banking solely on mobile operator is not possible, it can be operated with comprehensive security and suitable control on appropriate reporting of maximum number of customers, transaction size and enhanced server based control. The regulator will have access to the necessary levels (Paul Makin and McEvoy, 2009) In order to achieve success in fulfillment of regulation and implementation of regulation, the regulator have to keep in mind that regulation must be apply in a proportionate manner to ensure safe and sound mobile money transfer. The regulation must benefit customers by rise in competition which reduce the price and improve the quality of service. The regulation must allow to be with the new mobile coming up for money transfer services. Financial regulation has to be developed through a consultative approach with the mobile industry to ensure it closely tracks market development without becoming a regulatory barrier (GSMA, 2008) With respect to completing a mobile banking transaction, a mobile carriers legal obligation also differs in fundamental ways from a financial institutions. The mobile carriers obligation to verify the origination and termination of a telecommunications transmission is mainly to ensure that a call is completed, and, that customers are accurately billed for the service. To the extent that a transmission is not completed, regardless of the content of that transmission, the liability of a telecommunications carrier is extremely limited as a matter of law. Under longstanding common law precedents and statutory law, for the most part a customer is entitled to no more than a refund for the cost of a failed communications, even if that communication happens to involve digital transfers of very large sums of money( Frederick M. Joyce, 2010) Mobile banking has two security segments; one is called handset zone users zone and other is mobile operator zone. Data security issues in mobile banking for example hackers, malware, viruses attacks etc some of the security issues that occur in mobile banking is as follow; Information leakage, loss and alteration can be happen in mobile banking as the technology is based on wireless devices, the information is transferred from one end to another end by using radio waves modulation and demodulation. When the rays passes from the air there are many other rays with which the interference of respective wave can be happen by which information may be leaked, loss and distort or it can be intercepted hackers can extract the information by installing devices on electromagnetic devices or may delete, modify or add in information which can damage the purpose of legitimate user which is initiated by him. Instability of communication channels and mobile devices lead to incomplete transaction. T

Essay --

Michael is struggling to remember small things. Michael is struggling to pay attention to his studies and is also stressing at work. He is told things and quickly forgets them or he’s hearing information and not being able to remember what he learned. Michael complains that he is stressing about work, but could that be causing him to forget things so quickly? Michael is suffering from what is known as short term memory. Short term memory allows limited space in a person’s mind which only allows the mind to remember up to seven items at one time. In order for short term memory to be stored it would have to be rehearsed which would cause it to be stored as long term memory which would stay in your mind for a long time. Short term memory or working memory can be manipulated in your mind causing you to forget something that you just heard. Michael is taking in this information but the information is being stored in his short term memory where something else might practically overwrite it and cause him to forget. Have you ever wondered how memories form? Memories are formed through conn...

Development in Flood Zone :: Population, Urban Areas

The world population has more than doubled in last 50 years (from 2.52 billion in 1950 to 6 billion in 2000). Moreover the United Nations (1999) estimate that 97% of growth is taking place in less developed countries, with Africa as a fast growing Area. Cities such as Bombay, Calcutta, Karachi, Jakarta, Nairobi, Manila, Lagos and Cairo are examples of rapid human concentration. This makes the current planning strategies insufficient and ineffective (if they even exist). Consequently, slums and squatters and informal settlements in those cities are the expression of a marginalization of a big and growing range of city dwellers (Sietchiping 2000). It is undeniable that landuse is continuously changing. The speed of urbanization, of forest clearance and of agricultural under drainage and ploughing up of natural grassland have increased flood potential (Ward 1978). Usually informal settlements are located on vulnerable and unbuilt areas such as deep valleys (Nairobi), river banks (Bomba y), abandoned waste dumps (Manila) or dangerous slopes (Yaounde). They are known as catastrophe prone areas (floods, landslides and health hazard). It has originated from difficult problems of housing, immigration rates, politics, physical planning, landlessness, and employment in urban areas (Sietchiping 2000). Many build their homes and grow their food on river flood plains intowns and cities (Douglas 2008). Inundation along some of the low-lying floodplains adjacent to major rivers can be both widespread and long in duration (Zillman 1999). In the case of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Megna river system in Bangladesh, 110 million people are relatively unprotected on the floodplain of southern Asia’s most flood-prone river system (Smith 1996 pg 258). But risks are also great for settlements in small river basins subject to sudden flash floods and along low-lying shorelines where storm surges associated with cyclones can produce sea flooding of several meters in dept h (Zillman 1999). Davis and Hall (1999) argue that poverty can drive people toward settling and working in precarious locations such as unstable riverbanks in farming areas. Of Asia’s great population, 89% of the gainfully employed population of Thailand, 73% of that of Korea, 70% of that of Burma, 69% of that of Philippines and 67% of that of India is engaged in agricultural production (Bureau of Flood Control 1950). The alluvium of river valleys and river deltas provide the most suitable area for agriculture. The flat topography of these areas lends itself admirably to farming (Bureau of Flood Control 1950). In

Aztec :: essays papers

Aztec The Aztec lived in the city of Tenochtitlan, which is a fertile basin about 50 miles long and as wide. Surrounded by mountain ranges and several volcanoes, the Aztec has abundant supply of water. With being 8000ft above sea level the day were mild and the nights are cold during much of the year. The Aztecs name means "heron people" their name is derived from the mythical homeland to the north called Azatlan. This in mind their language(Nahuatl) also belong to the linguistic family as the Soshonean, a tongue will represented among the Indians of the Untied States. In the Aztecs culture their main principal crop was maize. Maize was usually cooked with lime then ground to make dough, then patted into tortillas, other principal crops were beans, squash, tomatoes, cotton, chilies. The two crops maguey and agave were used as cord, sacks and sandals and a substitute for cotton in clothing. From the juice of the maguey was use in a mild form of alcohol called pulque, which was the ceremonia l drink. Only the old men of the committee was able to drink pulque freely, otherwise among the younger generation couldn't get drunk except at certain religious feast. Drunkenness was considered a serious offense even punishable by death. In the Aztecs culture there were clans, each clan there was tribes and each tribe was divided up. Then each family were allotted sufficient land for its maintenance, if no one else were alive in the family, then the land were reverted back to the tribe. Urban communities, the land were communal, each group called capulli was composed of a few families that jointly owned a piece of land. Then part of the yield was given to the state as a tax. Rest of yield would be either sold, traded or for their own use. There were two kinds of farmer, first there was the general field workers. They were in charge with preparing the soil, breaking up clods, hoeing(with the coa digging sticks), leveling, setting boundary markers, planting, irrigating, winnowing and storing grain. The second kind of farmer were the horticulturists their job was planting of trees, transplanting, crop sequences, rotations and a supervisory role, for they were expected to read the Tonalamatl almanacs to determine the time for planting and harvest. One of the unusual feature of the Aztec agriculture were the floating gardens. These gardens were built by digging ditches into squares or rectangle, then they would pile up mud on the area which the ditches enclosed.

Bureaucracy and Democracy

Bureaucracy and Democracy Assuming that the court's interpretation of the law was accurate, do you believe that the state's power to regulate in these matters should outweigh the federal government's right to do so? What, if anything, should be done? No I do not think the state's power to regulate in these matters should outweigh the federal government. Independent Agencies help execute policy or provide special services.Independent Agencies also exist outside of the departments of the executive branch and have three separate branches: Executive – President of the United States, esponsible for administering and enforcing the laws of government Legislative – Congress responsible for the creation of law Judicial – Supreme Court responsible for administering Justice, resolving disputes, and interpreting the law.This system establishes a strong central government, while insuring a balance of power. Agencies can be characterized as being either executive agencies or i ndependent agencies. How do they differ and, from your standpoint, which is preferable in terms of maintaining agency focus and controlling the actions of the agency? Independent agencies are those that exist outside of the departments of the executive branch, executive agencies are not

El Salvador A Country Report Essay

Introduction El Salvador or the Savior as the name can be translated is a very unexpectedly unique country. El Salvador is a country of many great geographical sites, a strange history, a blackened economic state, and an incredible agricultural base. The country has undergone many changes throughout its history. It was developed, owned, and operated by many different people and forms of government. This ?land of volcanoes? or ?the Savior? has been needed saving of its own for quite some time. 2.0 Geography The nickname for this environmentally hazardous country, ?land of volcanoes? serves El Salvador properly. El Salvador is the smallest of all Central American countries having a land area of only 21,041 sq. km (ecst.csuchico.edu). The country is also the only in Central America not to occupy more than one sea border, being only found on the Pacific Ocean. El Salvador is contained not only by the Pacific Ocean, but also by the two neighbor countries of Honduras and Guatemala. El Salvador is known more for it?s two mountain ranges both running east to west. The northern most range known as Sierra Madre that draws the border between El Salvador and Honduras. The southern range is a formation of many continuous volcanoes both active and silent. These volcanoes supply El Salvador with its rich soil making it possible for the great exportation of coffee. Climate change in El Salvador occurs more due to elevation variations than by seasonal change. During a calendar year Salvadorians can expect only a four-degree Celsius change due to seasons. The greater change in temperature occurs due to the different elevations. The two mountain ranges help very the climate and land usage of the country. El Salvador consists of a narrow coastal plain, two steep mountain ranges and a central plateau, which is at 600m above sea level. This plateau is only 25% of the landmass in El Salvador; however, it contains the majority of the countries population. Due to over exploitation the country has become semi-barren, and less of the land is of use. El Salvador is a very geographical diverse country. It possesses the same geographical features of the U.S., but all in the same land area as Rhode  Island. The country has become very over populated and has begun to exhaust its resources. 3.0 Pre-Columbian Cultures Before Spain sent men to explore and claim the countries of Central America native people occupied the land. These people where known as the Pipil. However, it is believed, due to archeological assessments that even before the Pipil natives of Central America known as the Mayas and Olmec occupied the land. The Mayas and Olmecs were believed to occupy the land until the 11th Century when the Pipil appeared following the collapse of the Mayan empire. The Pipil people were of a very strong and fierce origin. They were very good farmers and lived mostly on Maize. The Pipil had many small urban centers and a very integrated linked society. The Pipil people lived in their land for over 500 years. After that time Spain was introduced to their country and soon their freedom was lost. 4.0 Conquest Spain had come to Central America seeking wealth, and any landmass that could have that quality they would conquer and claim for the crown. Pedro de Alvarado a conquistador and Lieutenant under Hernan Cortes entered El Salvador in 1524 to conquer the land. However, due to the fierceness of the Pipil people Spain had to return in 1525 and again in 1528 to finally lay claim to the country. Spain found little wealth in the substance of gold and other valuable metals in El Salvador; however, they learned how great a benefit the rich soil of the volcanic country could be to agriculture. Spain soon after their conquest enslaved the Pipil people and forced them into an encomienda system of farming. The encomienda system soon lost favor with the crown and was replaced with repartiemento. Spain developed the country with this system and produced a great deal of wealth during the 17th century in agriculture. 5.0 Agriculture Agriculture is the foundation that El Salvador has been built upon throughout its entire history. Whether it was the Pipil people utilizing the rich soil or Spain controlling the land much wealth was  obtained in the country. 5.01 Indigenous The Pipil people lived as farmers and hunters in the country before any intruders appeared. They sustained their lives on crops such as maize, bananas, and other tropical foods. They traded these crops among one another and were able to be self-sufficient for many years. After the entrance of Spain to the country the natives were forced to work as slaves for the betterment of others. Spain introduced products such as coffee, cotton, and indigo to El Salvador. They found that the rich soil could produce coffee greater than any other country they had conquered prior to El Salvador. During the 17th century agriculture boomed in El Salvador, gluttony filled Spain with the wealth from coffee and thus began the downfall of the Salvadorian economy. 5.02 Present El Salvador produced many types of crops throughout its history such as henequen and cotton, but the country always centered itself on coffee production. Today, El Salvador produces far more coffee than any other crop in the country. Amid the 20th century, 95% of the countries income came from the exportation of coffee. This income was distributed over only 14 families (roughly 2% of population) whose influence has been seen over the countries history (Class Handout). In this way El Salvador takes on many similar traits of other Central American countries. 6.0 Independence Spain occupied the country for nearly 300 years throughout which they enslaved and persecuted the native people of El Salvador. Land control was only a dream in the eyes of the former owners. The influence of the Roman Catholic Church soon brought hopes of a revolution to the Indian people of El Salvador. In 1811 Father Jose Matias Delgado, a catholic priest led a revolt against Spain; however, with the great power of the crown against them it did not prove successful. Meanwhile in Spain, Napoleon led an invasion into the country reverting attention away from Central America and allowing El Salvador to eventually gain a limited amount of independence in 1821. Even though independence was given to the Salvadorian during this time, people land control still  remained in the hands of few. This led to an Indian rebellion in 1833 brought about by a mestizo, Anastasio Aquino. Eventually in 1841, El Salvador found its independence by the introduction of the Central American Federation. This was an alliance against Spain of neighboring Central American countries seeking their independence. Thus began the history of El Salvador, which led to many civil wars, conflicts, and disputes among other countries and itself. 7.0 Economics in El Salvador El Salvador has seen many changes throughout its history, both politically and economically. El Salvador has followed the majority of Central American countries by making itself a dependent on one or two exportable goods. The country has also faced many conflicts in politics and environmental hazards. El Salvador?s economy has inevitably been destined for the worse by the countries governing order. 7.01 Colonial Before the invasion of the conquistadors into the country the Pipil lived a pleasant and peaceful life of trade. The Pipil obtained many small urban centers in which trade among them proved successful. They did not have a monetary unit but rather bartered for what they desired. They lived a self-sufficient life only producing their needs. The Pipil people may have evolved and become a worthy heritage in the world if they had not been conquered by the conquistadors of Spain. 7.02 Early (1820-1920) Soon El Salvador and the rich soil of the land were under Spanish control. Spain found great profit in the enrichment of the land. Coffee, indigo, and cotton yielded greater than they had seen prior to conquest. Spain felt that this was equal to the gold and other values found in the countries surrounding El Salvador. During the 17th century the agriculture of El Salvador was of great wealth, and Spain indulged upon it. The Spaniards developed many haciendas to expand their crops this involved many Indian people to subdue to the work needed. The first evidence of primate cities developed during this time. This would sooner lead to an unexpected need for imported goods and a profound lack of self-efficiency. 7.03 Mid (1920-1980) During and after El Salvador?s independence the country  found itself depending console upon the growth of the coffee crop. 95% of the countries exports depended upon coffee, but still only 2% of the population controlled the wealth (Lonely Planet). The Salvadorians exhausted themselves upon focusing on this item and developed no other means of exportation. Amid the first and second world wars Central America was abandoned by the rest of the world and forced to find a way to survive among themselves. This brought upon industrialization to the forgotten world, and El Salvador attempted to follow the plan. The country produced only the essential items for survival, and chose rather to fight civilly for control of the country. El Salvador faced many disputes during this time, and many forms of leadership. Democracies, civil wars, peasant uprisings, and Military Coups were among the problems that the country faced. It was only during the later years of the countries history that true leadership was developed, and a greater economic scheme was gained. 7.04 1980-Present Primate cities have know become a large part of Salvadorian economy. These few and large cities have been growing without any means of renewal. The country finds itself now separated by wealth and poverty. The fourteen families mentioned before were still controlling the majority of the coffee production and with no found wealth in industrialization El Salvador was growing in debt. The national debt of El Salvador has only grown over the countries history. This is from the foreign aid supplied to the country to help with recovery of natural disasters, and in the form of military aid. Due to El Salvador?s placement in the world it has been faced by many environmental hazards. Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and landslides due to extreme rainfall give threat to this debt. Also in 1998 El Salvador fell victim to hurricane Mitch. Mitch destroyed not only many of the profitable livestock and agricultural farms of Central America, but also devastated many lives of the people living in its path. El Salvador lost 95% of its banana crop and one third of the countries beef cattle industry (Class Handout). This crushed the already terrible state of the Salvadorian economy and only added to the  increasing national debt. Some current facts in the economic stability of El Salvador can be seen in the following. The currency of the country is known as the collone. Eleven collones is roughly equivalent to one U.S. dollar. The exportation of goods to the U.S. each year equals $732 million. Where as the importation of goods from the U.S. each year equals $1.789 billion dollars. The GDP of El Salvador is $5.9 billion U.S. each year. This is only $1,003 U.S. per capita. The growth rate of the GDP is currently at 5.0%, and has been continuously increasing. However, even with the GDP on an upswing for El Salvador the debt to the U.S. has also increased to $2.1 billion U.S (cia.gov). These numbers show that with El Salvador?s population, and the amount of GDP to the country that few people have great wealth and even more are in poverty. 8.0 Population El Salvador is a very densely populated country. The majority of the people in El Salvador live in only 25% of the total land mass known as the central plateau. The total population is over 6.2 million with a growth rate of 2.3% (Cia.gov). This population will be doubled in 30 years. Due to the growth rate percent the country is caught between the second and third categories in the demographic chart, but primarily they still are evolving in the second. With this great a number of people in such a small area poverty is unavoidable. 8.01 Urbanization Urbanization has not been a large issue with El Salvador. Although some of their large primate cities carry a large percent of the population, such as San Salvador the capital that holds 1.5 million people, many people chose to stay in rural areas. The ratio of the urban population to rural population is 3:2. This ratio could be explained due to the need for agricultural revenue, and the need for people to create that revenue. With the extent of the over population of El Salvador many people have been forced to find other means of income and a safer home. 8.02 Migration Over population and greed have created poverty in El Salvador and a need for new revenue. This is why much of the income from the country  consists of wages paid from the United States to migrant workers fleeing from El Salvador. $1.3 billion U.S. was sent to families of these seasonal migrant workers in El Salvador. This allows those living in El Salvador to find a little hope in their country and a means of better living. During, much of the time of the civil wars and poverty states of El Salvador many of the countries people began to migrate to Honduras. This appeared to be allowed at first until a wide spread amount of migration occurred. The great amount of people fleeing to Honduras soon became a problem and great tension rose between the two neighboring countries. This accounted for the great soccer riot in 1969 brought upon through allegations that were made about mistreatment of Salvadorian people by the Honduras population. 9.0 U.S. Intervention The United States has always been concerned with the matters of other countries, particularly by the form of the government. When it became obvious that El Salvador may fall into left wing ideals to help with the poverty level in the country the U.S. reacted. It was during the Carter administration that this occurred and Jimmy?s solution was to fund right-wing guerillas in the country. These guerillas were know as the FMLN (Frente Marti Liberacion Nacional) named after an executed leader who brought reforms to the country and a democracy in the early to mid 20th century. Carter soon withdrew his funding after hearing of misuse of the military power by the FMLN. The FMLN became mongers and began to hurt innocent people and become closer in comparison to their socialist enemy. With a suspension of the funding the country fell back into turmoil and was once again caught in left-wing ideals. It was during the Reagan administration that the funding returned with close watch. Soon the guerillas were able to gain control, and force what was to be marked the first time in 50 years that a democratically elected president was named. This man was Alfredo Magana, and he brought some control and leadership to this war shaken country (Encyc. Of Latin-American Hist.). The U.S. has also been involved with El Salvador in other ways. The U.S. is the number one importer of Salvadorian goods mainly coffee. Also due to the great devastation in the country by natural disasters the U.S. has given  foreign aid to help rebuild the economy and lives of the people. If El Salvador can maintain this relationship with the U.S. the countries future is bound to look better than it?s past. 10.0 Globalization The world is a growing economical structure that every country wants to be a part of, and with growing concern about each countries role a hope for globalization can be seen. El Salvador is attempting to do its part in becoming a companion with globalization, during the end of the 20th century the maquiladora system was approached by El Salvador. These small manufacturing companies account for a major part of the countries GDP. These companies are also followed by new trade reforms with other neighboring countries. Trade with U.S. has only improved over the last few years. If El Salvador keeps improving on the relations with its neighboring countries then it may be a substantial part of the world economy. 11.0 Other Facts and Conclusion In conclusion, here are some other known facts about the country of El Salvador. In January of 2001 El Salvador faced a devastating earthquake. The quake caused 250,000 Salvadorians to become homeless, and also severely eroded the landscape (Lonely Planet.com). Some of the native animals of the country consist of many butterflies, deer, toucans, and monkeys. The adult literacy of the country is at 73% and growing (memory.loc.gov). 86% of the country follows the Roman Catholic religion. The ethnic background of the country is mainly mestizo, which is a mixture of Indian, white, and black (Latin America). Some of the favorite foods consist of casamiento (rice and beans) and pupusas, which is a stuffed wrap. El Salvador is a very unique country that wishes to find its niche in the world. Through much turmoil and disputes the country has for now maintained a solid government. With the continuation of good soil and less erosion the agricultural state of the country will continue to prosper. However, with increasing population the country suffers a loss in GDP, and will only gain a profitable state with better living, less poverty, and other means of income. El Salvador ?the Savior? a country whose history speaks for itself will need outside aid for some years to come. Selected Illustrations El Salvador?s Flag The Country of El Salvador Henequin also a Salvadorian Crop Example of El Salvador?s Terran San Salvador the Capital of El Salvador